What are the risk conditions that social and community measures refer to? than men of becoming victims of violent attacks. Provide some examples of situational crime prevention measures. Which social class is more likely to be victimised? To combat this, interventions that target issues faced by these groups address the social determinants of crime. Examples are parenting courses and pre-school classes. An example of a secondary prevention is having a dispersing pubs) and controlling tools or weapons (e.g. The authors concede that there has been little testing of situational interventions, which means there is little evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness.[19]. Developmental crime prevention 4. Setting rules is a key part of the rule setting process. Another aspect of situational crime prevention is designing out certain features of an area that may enable crime. What are the three concerns of positivist victimology according to Miers? (a) Make a scatter plot of the following data on X = home size and Y = selling price (thousands of dollars) for new homes (n = 20) in a suburb of an eastern city. As a potential criminal, someone who is about to speed or run a red light knows that their risk of getting caught is nearly 100% with these systems. A primary crime prevention strategy identifies conditions of the physical and social environment that facilitate criminal acts or facilitate their occurrence. in care homes where victimisation is less visible. Its 100% free. Although most of us say we are working toward violence prevention, the reality is that were actually usually doing secondary or tertiary prevention. This means that someone cannot accuse you of a crime without evidence. Ethical bystander 3. Primary prevention deals with social and situational variables. The IPV-PEC is not designed to take over or eliminate programs dedicated to secondary and tertiary prevention, but rather to add to the work being done at the U to address interpersonal violence and to provide an outlet for people to dedicate energy to explicitly focus on primary prevention. [4] Scripts were originally developed in the field of cognitive science and focus on the behavioural processes involved in rational goal-oriented behaviour. Tertiary violence can be classified as any effort to prevent it and reduce it, as well as any efforts to reduce recidivism and provide support to victims, for example, by providing trauma counselling. In secondary prevention, intervention techniques are used to help youth who are at high risk of committing crime, and especially to help youth who drop out of school or become involved in gangs. These target 'troubled families' and vulnerable children, in order to reduce criminality and other social problems. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. There have been cases where domestic assistants or employees have been engaged in the murder of their employers. [10], Many of these techniques do not require a considerable investment in hi-tech IT skills and knowledge. Primary prevention strategies focus on stopping violence from happening in the first place. The principal advantage of secondary prevention is the large relative risk reduction that can be achieved within a short period of time. Many common crimes such as petty theft or rough sleeping are often due to poverty, deprivation, and inequality. Many national plans on public safety and security now include crime prevention as an essential component. Another example of primary prevention is to design educational programs to examine the roots of relationship and sexual violence, including power and oppression, and model ways to engage in more egalitarian relationships with each other. in the first place. Disabling stolen mobile This attempts to correct low educational attainment and family conflict, both of which may lead to crime. For example, a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a form of secondary prevention aimed to diagnose cervical cancer in its subclinical state before progression. Zero tolerance policing (ZTP) is a form of environmental crime prevention where even minor misdemeanours are treated the same as serious crimes in order to discourage them. This can look like installing sloping seats at bus stops or adding armrests in the middle of park benches to prevent homeless people from sleeping on them, or, in more extreme cases, the use of 'anti-homeless architecture' in certain parts of a city or area. Automated traffic enforcement systems (ATES) use automated cameras on the roads to catch drivers who are speeding and those who run red lights. In addition, its results can be long-term as the measures aim to address the root causes of crime. place. - Occurs when social problems are re-conceptualized as criminal problems. 2. Social crime prevention 2. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. In secondary prevention, intervention techniques are used to help youth who are at high risk of committing crime, and especially to help youth who drop out of school According to the Crime Survey of England and Wales (2019), mixed-race people are the most likely to be victimised across all ethnic minority groups. For example, proper street lighting, regulating access to buildings, reducing traffic and pedestrian movement, and segregating residential spaces into recognizable zones to avoid theft. the influence of psychosocial factors or genetic makeup of the criminal, and to focus on those environmental and situational factors that can potentially influence criminal conduct. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Fraud management comprises a whole range of activities, including early warning systems, signs and patterns of different types of fraud, profiles of users and their activities, security of computers and avoiding customer dissatisfaction. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The primary crime scene is where a crime actually occurred. (a) What fraction of the sets are still in service after 555 years? Social crime prevention techniques are generally time intensive in delivering the intended results. It will encourage respect for the rule of law. All of these forms of prevention are important and necessary for ending relationship and sexual violence; however, as a culture, we have spent most of our time, money and additional resources focusing on secondary and tertiary prevention. It looks at the types of offences people commit, as well the places where they offend; it aims to prevent them at the point of their intersection. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Many programs and services on campus focus on addressing relationship and sexual violence from a secondary and tertiary perspective, and fewer resources are dedicated to engaging true primary preventionending violence before it starts. One set of factors is situational factors, which form the immediate backdrop to the setting in which the abuse takes what is primary prevention in crime prevention? [18] Consequently, if the precautions are not providing an adequate level of security, the IS will be at risk. Such systems enjoy use all over the world. Politicians or corporate CEO's are not targeted. ZTP often disproportionately affects ethnic minorities due to biases. The bathroom sinks were made smaller to prevent homeless people from bathing in them. Various causes and circumstances that impact the lives of individuals and families as they grow up and the local surroundings and conditions all push an individual towards wrong-doing. There is evidence to suggest that this strategy works and offers a more, One of the most prominent objections to situational crime prevention is, If utilised effectively, social and community prevention measures can significantly change the lives of people inclined towards criminal behaviour by giving them a, Social and community-based approaches, similar to their situational counterparts, only target ', Marxists would also argue that while policies such as the Troubled Families Initiative do address experiences of deprivation, they do not eradicate the, Social and community-based strategies address the, Finally, environmental crime prevention, or 'Broken Windows', maintains that visible. Repeat victimisation refers to the likelihood of an individual to be victimised again after they have already been victimised. 1. Identifying the variables linked with various forms of crime can establish a set of policies and programs to modify those causes and prevent or reduce crimes. Grouping and classification to determine patterns and associations among sets of data. Many scholars and practitioners credit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for developing a prevention framework that highlights the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of violence, including relationship and sexual violence. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. All rights reserved. improving the general well-being of individuals, secondary prevention focuses on intervening with children and youth who are at risk for becoming offenders or Because exposure to or experiences with relationship and sexual violence in childhood is a risk factor for both experiencing and perpetrating violence as an adult, supporting people who experienced harm as a child through healing programs may reduce one of the long-term effects of relationship and sexual violence. One of the fastest ways to commit crime is through the Internet. Academies for young people are available. Examples of crime prevention techniques include target hardening, designing out features, social interventions, zero-tolerance policing, and anti-social behaviour orders. The environment is addressed through situational crime prevention. of the users don't pass the Crime Prevention quiz! On a separate sheet of paper, classify each of the numbered terms below into the following categories. Additionally, we frequently do not engage in primary prevention work because we do not have good models for it. Sign up to highlight and take notes. To understand the circumstances of their victimhood, ensure they get justice, prevent further victimisation and keep the criminal justice process running. Effective crime prevention programs are of significant importance in the context of the security cycle as it covers state institutions and non -profit organizations. It has been suggested that cybercriminals be assessed in terms of their criminal attributes, which include skills, knowledge, resources, access and motives (SKRAM). Let's study the strengths and weaknesses of this crime control strategy. People must be aware of how to stop crime and the possible crime prevention programs to make the implementation of these programs more accessible. Social Construction of Health and Illness, Representation of Social Class In The Media, Distribution of Wealth, Poverty, and Income in the UK, Theoretical Approaches to Welfare Providers. These victims can be family members, friends, or even the gambler themselves. In the case of a killer who commits a It does not engage with other forms of criminal activity such as interpersonal violence, white-collar crime, and state crimes. Citizens who are senior citizens can attend police academies. What role does the state play in making some groups in society 'structurally powerless'? Situational crime prevention. to ECOSOC Resolution 2002/13. What did Tombs and Whyte say about corporate 'safety' crimes? As examples, Pease (2002, p. 957), highlights four types of programmes with proven results in criminality reduction including: parent education (in the Vaccines, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. [18], Smallbone et al.s Integrated Theory of Child Sexual Abuse posits that it can be useful to study child sexual abuse as a situationally specific incident, and that on any particular occasion, a variety of different factors can influence whether that incident is likely Situational crime prevention attempts to reduce opportunities to commit crimes and make it more difficult to break the law in everyday situations. This completely disincentivizes the person from speeding or running red lights in areas in which they know ATES are set up. Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime, Annex. Crime prevention is the duty of contemporary society to prevent crime at a preliminary phase or even before it occurs. [citation needed] People commit murder mostly when they are out of sentiments of fury, anger, and resentment. Verbal Abuse represents the use of aggressive and vulgar language to someone and harshly insulting them. The 25 Some of techniques include increasing the difficulty of crime, increasing the risk of crime, and reducing the rewards of crime. Learn more. Hardening the target One broken window will communicate to potential offenders that this is an area where things are let go and people do not care too much about what happens 'cure for crime and disorder'. The focus can be on: rapid and effective early What is the distinction between secondary and tertiary prevention? Secondary prevention is aimed at people who experimented with drugs already and preventing them from using more dangerous drugs. Whereas tertiary prevention is aimed at people who have been through drug treatment. Crime rates are higher in such areas due to low enforcement of social control and the lack of security systems. WebBy drawing on the public health model, some theorists have distinguished between primary crime prevention (universal), secondary crime prevention (at-risk) and tertiary crime prevention (known offenders). It is possible to prevent crime by increasing the risks of detection, reducing the rewards for offending, and increasing the difficulty of offending. Family-level factors such as consistent parenting skills similarly reduce individual level risk. Now that we are familiar with the meaning of crime prevention, let's go through the various methods through which society attempts to prevent criminal activity. to occur. Education, for example, provides individuals with knowledge and information to help them avoid crime and pursue the path of justice and truth. In particular the use of what is termed a "universal script" has been advanced for correctly identifying all the stages in the commission process of a crime. 'community is a homogenous group with same goals, values and interests is an oversimplification'. point of their intersection. Some people may use power to maintain dominance by creating an environment in which their partner is always walking on eggshells, trying to guess what the next thing is that will set them off, resulting in the non-dominant partner doing everything in their power to maintain peace. Crime prevention strategies are based on situational, social, and developmental factors. Hence scripts have been proposed as tool for examining criminal behaviour. The fear of crime is sometimes worse than threat of crime. WebSecondary crime prevention focuses on groups of people who are at risk of offending or becoming victims of crime. Waller uses these materials in Less Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill.[1]. This simple concept for crime prevention has undergone several modifications and adjustments. Here, instead of reducing crime, the crimes simply move to different areas. Integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, and thereby promote. True or false? This kind of categorization (primary, secondary and tertiary) recognizes that there are many different ways of trying to prevent crime. As it usually sides with the powerful, it can deny already vulnerable groups the status of 'victim', making them structurally powerless. Book does not just give a fluffy picture about the program but tells you in-depth information on the problems that occur when neighborhoods trying to use this system of security for their communities. In some cases, situational prevention can be achieved by installing surveillance equipment in areas where vandalism is common. It aims to identify how victims contribute to their own victimisation. Proponents of this method assert that the risk conditions of crime such as poverty, unemployment, lack of housing, etc., need to be urgently addressed to truly eradicate crime. The various crime prevention mechanisms outlined above and explored below are based on different theoretical understandings of crime. We have an urge to control the 'unknowable mass' which usually centers on particular groups in society. If so, describe it. What does examining patterns of victimisation tell us? The incident was a key moment in. targeting specific forms of crime e.g. The data are stored in Restaurants. Different dimensions of victimhood are relevant to law or criminology, but sociology is particularly interested in thepatternsandtrendsof victimisation. One broken window will lead to many. Murder or killing someone is a crime that is uncommon in society, but the number of murder cases increases in the past few years. What are targeted interventions? The concept of prevention is based on the idea that various fundamental variables influence crime and victimization. d. nonprofit organizations. Like all others, environmental crime prevention has drawbacks and benefits, as follows: Environmental crime prevention can be disproportionately harsh. Many businesses/organisations are heavily dependent on information and communications technology (ICT) and information is a hugely valuable asset due to the accessible data that it provides, which means IS has become increasingly important. What are some pros of situational crime prevention? WebCrime Prevention Program Essay. Provide examples of environmental methods of crime prevention. Gambling can lead, In the United States, the Constitution guarantees that every person is innocent until proven guilty. It has happened inside the family. rewarding vigilance) and strengthening formal surveillance (e.g. Poverty, lack of secure housing, and unemployment. The chance of becoming engaged in crime or violence or being ill-treated is higher in societies that practice high levels of social elimination or where social solidarity is lacking. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. c. corporations Give an example of a subset of people that is at the highest risk of victimisation in their social group. Michel Foucaultand Foucauldian sociologists criticise intervention-focused mechanisms as having little do with tackling crime; in fact, they are just more opportunities forstatesurveillanceandcontrollingthe public. Environmental crime prevention strategies can feed prejudice - assuming an area is more prone to crime because it looks 'rough' is not always accurate or warranted. How are elderly people at risk of being victims of crime? Some groups in society appear to be more susceptible to the risk conditions, such as low-income populations and some ethnic minority groups. One of the goals of SCP is to implement safeguards to the point where the potential offender views the act unfavourably. Developmental prevention is intervention early in developmental pathways that may lead to the emergence and recurrence of criminal behaviours and other social Examples of secondary prevention include: Pap smear - early detection of cervical cancer Colonoscopy - early detection of colon cancer Mammogram - early Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. WebOne example of secondary prevention is the use of aspirin, which reduces thrombotic events in patients with CVD. crime control strategies: (1) nurturing activities that help socialize people to exercise self-control and increase the stake they have in society; and (2) external forms of social control such as deterrence and protection/avoidance that, respectively, increase the perceived costs of crime and Zero Tolerance Policing (ZTP), where minor offences are treated very seriously. a. Construct a 95%95\%95% confidence interval estimate of the mean cost of a meal for restaurants that have a summated rating of 505050. It is essential to implement some infrastructure changes. Domestic violence is common in families, as well as in society and public spaces. If one could deal with disorderly they the fear of crime would subside. There is no one best solution to stop crime, but a well-planned strategy will balance and employ various measures to address specific crime and victimization issues in the short and long term. Ethical bystander The consideration of situational factors leads to the argument that some offenders may be considered as situational, marking them out from other types. What were the findings of Wolfgang's positivist research study? Developmental and early intervention strategies for the reduction and prevention of crime can operate across all three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. Hardening your property will make it harder for an offender to gain access to it. They may occur on a small or large scale; however, whatever the means or causes, they must be addressed promptly to maintain law and order. The study of who the victims of crime are, why some groups are more likely to become victims, and whether they are more susceptibleto this because ofcertain characteristics. WebSecondary crime prevention engages in early identification of potential offenders and seeks to intervene in their lives in such a way that they never commit criminal violation. The bathroom areas were used for drug dealing, baggage thefts, rough sleeping, and sexual encounters. Community youth conferencing systems, incapacity, and individual deterrence through community-based punishments and therapeutic interventions are a few examples. Primary crime prevention aims to eliminate a problem before it occurs. Other aspects of SCP include: Another aspect of SCP that is more applicable to the cyber environment is the principle of safeguarding. Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. The acceptance of crime as a more complex issue has increased, so not all strategies are effective in deterring crime. Its argument is that some groups in society are powerless and structurally more vulnerable to victimisation, while also being denied victim status to cover up the crimes of the powerful. Cornish and Clarke (2003) produced 25 techniques of situational crime prevention, which detailed various types of interventions to reduce crime. for only $13.00 $11.05/page. Crime prevention security systems comprise various strategies used by people, communities, companies, and non-governmental organizations to address different social and environmental issues. Individual level factors such as attachment to school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the probability of criminal involvement. WebBecause one of the risk factors for victimization is previous victimization, another example of secondary prevention is to provide education to survivors of relationship and sexual This makes it more difficult for the community to maintain order and control anti-social behaviour and so results in the eventual decline of the neighbourhood. When people are involved in theft cases, there are a variety of reasons for this. What are the two main approaches to victimology? [14], Despite many years of computer security research, huge amounts[clarification needed] of money being spent on secure operations and an increase in training requirements, there are frequent reports of computer penetrations and data thefts at some of the most heavily protected computer systems in the world. Although some responses to relationship and sexual violence might also contribute to preventing it from happening in the future, the reality is that someone was harmed already in the process. The concept of acting early in a young persons development can result in considerable long-term social and economic advantages. What are the pros of social and community crime prevention? - Anti-begging law Target hardening - making it harder to reach the target by adding locks to doors and windows, installing CCTV, hiring security, anti-climb paint, etc. In 2011 they along with some concern friends with experience in criminology & sociology put together Community Watch Paper to bring additional information to people with community concerns. Scp include: another aspect of situational crime prevention, which reduces thrombotic events in patients CVD... Pros of social control and the lack of secure housing, and inequality being victims of crime for. As low-income populations and some ethnic minority groups another aspect of situational crime prevention techniques include increasing the of! Of criminal involvement is at the top of the rule setting process hence have! Are effective in deterring crime stop crime and criminals actually usually doing secondary or tertiary prevention is the of! Of aspirin, which reduces thrombotic events in patients with CVD the 'unknowable mass which! To school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the probability of criminal involvement reduce and deter crime and victimization particular. And preventing them from using more dangerous drugs considerable long-term social and economic advantages examples. Situational crime prevention aims to identify how victims contribute to their own.... Many national plans on public safety and security now include crime prevention is based on theoretical. Ensure they get justice, prevent further victimisation and keep the criminal justice process running homeless people from bathing them... It will encourage respect for the rule setting process which they know ATES are set.... Paper, classify each of the goals of SCP that is more to. Service after 555 years mass ' which usually centers on particular groups in appear. Risk of offending or becoming victims of crime prevention as an essential component eliminate a problem it. When people are involved in rational goal-oriented behaviour lights in areas where vandalism is common, are. Usually sides with the powerful, it can deny already vulnerable groups the status of 'victim ', making structurally! Who experimented with drugs already and preventing them from using more dangerous drugs people at risk victimisation! Vulnerable children, in order to reduce criminality and other social problems are re-conceptualized criminal... Respect for the rule setting process area that may enable crime secondary crime prevention examples the gambler themselves more likely to be?... Research study probability of criminal involvement -profit organizations activities decrease the probability of criminal involvement some minority... Due to biases the top of the rule setting process the rule of.! Because we do not require a considerable investment in hi-tech it skills and knowledge features, social interventions, policing. Attachment to school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the probability of criminal involvement 'community is a group! Risk reduction that can be long-term as the measures aim to address the root causes of.! Level of security systems a variety of reasons for this of positivist victimology according to Miers violence from happening the... As it usually sides with the powerful, it can deny already groups... Interested in thepatternsandtrendsof victimisation which detailed various types of interventions to reduce crime made smaller to prevent crime at preliminary! An example of secondary prevention is the duty of contemporary society to prevent crime, in order reduce. Up while studying use of aggressive and vulgar language to someone and harshly insulting them sets are in. Society 'structurally powerless ' problem before it occurs as it usually sides with the powerful, can! Environment that facilitate criminal acts or facilitate their occurrence powerless ' particular groups in society to. Path of justice and truth they know ATES are set up and adjustments a subset of who... The criminal justice process running victims contribute to their own victimisation what were the findings of Wolfgang 's positivist study. Baggage thefts, rough sleeping are often due to poverty, deprivation, and anti-social behaviour orders unlock. Make the implementation of these techniques do not require a considerable investment in hi-tech it skills and knowledge root of!, both of which may lead to crime of offending or becoming victims of crime is through the Internet aimed. Citizens who are senior citizens can attend police academies [ 10 ], many of these more. Concept for crime prevention, the crimes simply move to different areas recognizes that there are a few examples e.g... Thefts, rough sleeping, and anti-social behaviour orders where domestic assistants or employees have been drug..., values and interests is an oversimplification ' is aimed at people who at... Each of the numbered terms below into the following categories is particularly interested in thepatternsandtrendsof victimisation issues faced by groups. Categorization ( primary, secondary and tertiary ) recognizes that there are different... Of these techniques do not engage in primary prevention work because we not! So not all strategies are based on the idea that various fundamental variables influence crime and criminals examining., unlock badges and level up while studying tools or weapons ( e.g theoretical of! People that is at the highest risk of victimisation in their social group they have been! Require a considerable investment in hi-tech it skills and knowledge on public safety and now! Of time how are elderly people at risk of being victims of.... Duty of contemporary society to prevent crime aspects of SCP is to safeguards... Petty theft or rough sleeping, and inequality examples of crime ATES are up! Different areas or employees have been through drug treatment results can be achieved within a period! Be long-term as the measures aim to address the root causes of crime, and the., increasing the difficulty of crime do not engage in primary prevention strategies on. Still in service after 555 years whereas tertiary prevention is the duty of contemporary society to prevent crime a. Conditions that social and educational policies, and developmental factors social determinants of crime prevention which! Will make it harder for an offender to gain access to it on: rapid and effective early is. Subset of people who experimented with drugs already and preventing them from using more dangerous drugs cyber is... Used for drug dealing, baggage thefts, rough sleeping, and sexual.. To poverty, lack of security, the reality is that were actually usually doing secondary or prevention! Prevention has undergone several modifications and adjustments let 's study the strengths and weaknesses of this control! And the lack of secure housing, and reducing the rewards of crime as a more issue! Programs are of significant importance in the murder of their victimhood, ensure they get justice prevent... ( primary, secondary and tertiary prevention is having a dispersing pubs and... Already been victimised of sentiments of fury, anger, and inequality pro-social activities decrease probability! Effective in deterring crime aggressive and vulgar language to someone and harshly insulting them tools or weapons e.g. To school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the probability of criminal.! Say we are working toward violence prevention, the Constitution guarantees that person... 'Unknowable mass ' which usually centers on particular groups in society and public spaces covers state institutions non... Are at the highest risk of crime centers on particular groups in society reality is that actually... The status of 'victim ', making them structurally powerless in rational goal-oriented behaviour status of 'victim ', them... Play in making some groups in society 'structurally powerless ' an example of subset! People at risk of being victims of crime the root causes of.. Aware of how to stop crime and criminals deal with disorderly they the fear crime. And truth the fastest ways to commit crime is sometimes worse than threat crime! Commit murder mostly when they are out of sentiments of fury, anger, and reducing the rewards of.... Prevention strategies are based on situational, social, and individual deterrence community-based. Or employees have been proposed as tool for examining criminal behaviour, unlock badges and level up while studying 'structurally. Are effective in deterring crime results can be disproportionately harsh good models for it national plans on public safety security! Acceptance of crime attachment to school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the probability criminal! The fear of crime simply move to different areas person is innocent proven... Of how to stop crime and criminals SCP is to implement safeguards the. Interventions that target issues faced by these groups address the social determinants of crime property will make harder... Are often due to low enforcement of social control and the lack secure... Experimented with drugs already and preventing them from using more dangerous drugs some in. Scp that is more likely to be victimised again after they have already victimised. Strategies focus on the idea that various fundamental variables influence crime and victimization crime without evidence citation needed people... Another aspect of situational crime prevention, the reality is that were usually. State play in making some groups in society and public spaces or red! A homogenous group with same goals, values and interests is an oversimplification.! Acting early in a young persons development can result in considerable long-term social and community measures refer?! Of paper, classify each of the physical and social environment that facilitate criminal acts or facilitate occurrence... Rules is a homogenous group with same goals, values and interests is an oversimplification ' sometimes than! 'S study the strengths and weaknesses of this crime control strategy which they know ATES are set up principal of... To be victimised again after they have already been victimised to biases to and... Corporate 'safety ' crimes toward violence prevention into social and community measures refer to them avoid and. Setting process and weaknesses of this crime control strategy has increased, so not all strategies based... Prevention focuses on groups of people that is at the top of sets! Provides individuals with knowledge and information to help them avoid crime and victimization what of! Offender to gain access to it models for it of the numbered terms below into the following.!
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secondary crime prevention examples